Technology · Operating modes

One aperture.
Two ways to encode direction.

SciPhAi's waveguide sensing hardware operates in two complementary modes. In CFSRP mode the frequency of light determines which aperture radiates, steering the beam without any moving parts. In pulsed-only mode, the time of flight of each pulse encodes both range and the orbital angle at which it was emitted — turning the clock into a compass. Both modes share the same fabricated aperture array; the difference is entirely in how the photonics are driven.

Mode 1 · CFSRP

Chirped Frequency Scanning Radiating Photonics

A chirped optical carrier propagates through a curved waveguide. Each aperture along the waveguide couples light at a frequency that is phase-matched to its position — so sweeping the frequency physically sweeps the active aperture and therefore the beam angle. No mechanical movement required.

θ(f) = arcsin[ λ·(f − f₀) / (c · Λ) ]

Beam angle θ is a deterministic function of optical frequency f. Λ is the grating period; f₀ is the centre frequency.

Frequency → direction. The waveguide acts as a spectrally-resolved beam-former. A single frequency tuning step moves the beam to a new angle.
Curved substrate. Coiling the waveguide on a curved base concentrates the angular range and allows the aperture array to face outward across a wide field of view.
FMCW ranging. Because the source is already chirped for beam steering, coherent ranging (velocity + distance) comes at zero extra hardware cost.
Direction encoding
Optical frequency f
Range encoding
FMCW beat frequency
Moving parts
None
Best for
High-resolution mapping, velocity sensing, long range
Mode 2 · Pulsed

Pulsed Illumination with ToF Direction Encoding

Short optical pulses are injected at successive apertures around the ring. The time of flight of each returning photon tells you the distance to the target. But because each aperture fires at a known orbital position, the arrival time within the pulse cycle also tells you the direction — so a single timestamp carries both range and angle.

R = c·Δt/2     θ = θ₀ + ω·t_emit

Range R from round-trip time Δt. Direction θ from emission time t_emit within the orbital sweep (angular rate ω).

ToF → range + direction. One returned timestamp resolves both unknowns. No separate beam-steering signal is needed.
Full aperture sweep. The pulse advances aperture-by-aperture around the complete ring, covering 360° with each orbit.
Scattered return photons. Reflected photons travel back to the central detector at times proportional to target distance — near objects arrive first, giving natural depth ordering.
Direction encoding
Emission time t_emit in orbit
Range encoding
Round-trip time Δt
Moving parts
None
Best for
Wide-area flash sensing, low-complexity decode, robustness
Side-by-side

Mode comparison

Attribute CFSRP (Mode 1) Pulsed ToF (Mode 2)
Beam steering mechanism Optical frequency sweep Orbital aperture sequence
Direction information carrier Instantaneous frequency f Emission timestamp t_emit
Range information carrier FMCW beat tone Round-trip time Δt
Simultaneous velocity Yes — Doppler from FMCW Derived from successive scans
Signal processing complexity FFT / coherent detection Time-stamping / TDC
Interference robustness High (coherent gating) Very high (incoherent, short pulse)
Field of view per orbit Defined by waveguide chirp bandwidth Full 360°
Hardware change required None — same aperture array, different drive signal
Key insight

One aperture array, two information channels

Mode-switching without hardware reconfiguration

Because both modes exploit the same waveguide aperture array, the system can switch between CFSRP and pulsed operation by changing the drive signal alone. In practice this means a single sensor platform can adapt its sensing strategy to environmental conditions, target density, or processing constraints in real time.

🔬
Patent-protected architecture

The dual-mode operation emerges from the underlying CFSRP architecture described in USPTO publication 20260056318 (priority July 2019). The waveguide geometry and aperture coupling are the inventive core; the two operating modes are natural consequences of that geometry.

Go deeper

Related pages

Strategic partnerships open

Evaluate the dual-mode platform

Contact us to discuss integration into your sensing pipeline, or request access to the full technical assessment dossier.